Afterdeath [A Semi-Working Title]: Prolog

Dessicated remains of plants curled upon themselves as heat beat upon the cracked red earth.  Great pillars of stone stretched like silent fingers toward the golden sun crossing the heavens. Stood high on one such butte was a man.

With arms clasped behind his back he surveyed the barren landscape below him. Seemingly unaffected by the heat he was clothed in a black collared shirt covered by a dark leather vest and a pair of thick denim jeans. A rust colored scarf stretched across his face and covered his head leaving only his icy blue eyes visible.

The surveying eyes abruptly stopped and locked upon a cloud of dust kicked up at the base of a nearby stone pillar.  Accompanying the dust was the loud rumble of old motors carrying a merchant caravan across the devoid waste.  Around another butte a second cloud of dust rose with the cry of a hundred screams as a band of horse bandits raced to head off the approaching caravan.

Silently the man watched the caravan attempt to outmaneuver and pull ahead of the horse carried bandits.   His eyes darted rapidly between the two parties as he predicted their trajectories. He nodded as his internal calculations confirmed that their eventual collision and the ensuing conflict would occur just below him, at the base of the pillar on which he stood.

With a final glance the man drew from a pouch attached to his belt a black leather bound book.  Cracking it open he licked his finger and thumb before calmly turning each page. Once settled upon a blank sheet he unhooked from his belt one of three ink pens and began to write. In thin strokes he wrote the names of those scrambling below followed by their date of birth and the current date.

Just as the final name was scratched into the book the caravan and the bandits collided. Yells and screams echoed off the surrounding pillars of stone. Shortly followed by the crack of gunfire and the splinter of wood. The violent sounds screamed into the ears of the man followed by the smell of wet iron from blood spilling into the parched earth.

Unperturbed the man withdrew, from the holster strapped across his broad back, a long thin iron rod. As he held it within his hands it shuddered and then rapidly elongated. From the upward end grew a curved and thinly sharpened blade.  Holding the scythe slightly to the side it stretched into the sky now six feet in length.

As the chaos roared below the man then reached under his vest and pressed play on his audio device and placed a pair of headphones into his ears.  An upbeat and quick rhythm filled his ears and he began to bounce his head.

“Smoke over a human’s soul.  Pollutes their son’s and daughters.”

While half dancing the man approached the edge and to the beat of the tune stepped into nothing.  He fell feet first like an arrow from the high pillar to the flat plain below.

“They need some dying space. Their life is being displaced.”

His boots collided heavy with the ground sending up a small dust cloud around his figure. Without missing a beat his feet set in motion as the man charged into the throes of the battle. With eyes closed he leaped into the air on an upbeat spinning in 360 degrees. His scythe stretched away from his center cut undetected through a ring of men and women crouched behind a makeshift circular barricade.  It pulled from their bodies a faint glowing mist that dissipated immediately into nothing.

The caravaners continued to fire into the oncoming bandits. The unseen man landed softly on the downbeat and a bright light erupted within the circle.  Bodies were rended into pieces as the grenade exploded.

They are not gonna linger and cling on.  When life is no longer coming back.”

Continuing his macabre dance the man swept his scythe through still others. All of which had a white essence pulled from within and then moments later their bodies succumbed to some manner of death.

The rhythm slowed and the song drew to a close. The man stopped dancing and squinted his eyes into the reddened afternoon sunlight. The dust had settled and nothing living within the remains of the caravan stirred. Those members still alive had been hauled away by the horseriders.  In days that which had not been scavenged by the bandits would be looted by the pickers. Then in further days the landscape would reclaim its desolation and the memory of the attack would fade into oblivion.

With a grunt the man pulled the headphones from his ears stowing them away. The scythe retracted back into its rod which he secured in its holster. Without a glance to the deceased, Death walked into the West.

The End of Mass Effect

A little over three years ago Mass Effect 3 made its debut concluding the three game saga that is the story of Commander Shepard. As per normal [or abnormal] I never actually got around to starting the Mass Effect series till late 2013 and have just now quite literally [as in literally literally] completed Mass Effect 3. It may be beating a dead skeleton horse over the head with a shovel, but I felt compelled to contribute my thoughts about the conclusion.

Commander Shepard:

Before I delve into the decision that defined the end it is imperative that I provide a contextual framework from which to understand that decision; that context being Commander Conrad Shepard. ConradIt is important to note that my description of the Commander is both derived from in-game actions as well as my own thoughts about the character [and by extension to some extent myself.]

Shepard first and foremost is a man who values the sanctity of life. I do not say this lightly or superficially. Shepard being a career soldier is no novice when it comes to death, but when given the opportunity he would rather choose to save a life. Furthermore, Shepard would rather give someone a second chance. In that he believes people [here referring to sentient life not just Homo sapiens] can, when given the opportunity, change for the better.

Shepard’s superpower is not his ability to fight nor his ability to lead but is in fact his ability to feel and feel deeply. This empathy is what allows him to understand his enemy and even against all adversity, still hope to give them a second chance. Furthermore it allows him to build the strong bonds with his crew as partners, friends, and even lovers. Ultimately it is these bonds that allow him to overcome insurmountable odds.

However, Shepard’s superpower is also his weakness. The world is not perfect and as such many decisions run counter to Shepard’s ideals. Not only does the loss of friends have a profound affect on him, but enemies he failed to save, failed to give that second chance to continue to haunt him. These strong emotional connections are the root of his nightmares; the root of his fears of failure when all the galaxy is watching him.

The Final Decision:

[SPOILERS >>>  You know, Just In Case.]

A crippled and dying Commander lurches toward the end; he is presented with three choices: Destroy all synthetic life, Control the Reapers, or Synthesize organic and synthetic life. At the time of release there were significant number of negative opinions about these choices. Many felt that their actions throughout the three games were meaningless in that regardless of your actions all were presented with the same dilemma. I however disagree. [Wait Wait!] Before you rant, let me explain myself.

Choices always have consequences and depending upon your previous actions the available choices on future decisions may become expanded or restricted. I think we all have an innate understanding of that. When Shepard reaches the catalyst and learns of his options, it is in that moment that us [as the player] truly become the agent of the story via Shepard. For regardless of the previous choices, in that moment, just like many moments in life, we had the free choice to make a decision in any direction.

Having played as Conrad Shepard for three consecutive games; being the one most intimately familiar with Shepard’s actions, it was left to me to make the final decision. I had to pause the game and think about the consequences…. What sort of person would Shepard be [would I be] given the choice I was about to make. None of the choices were ideal… but when are choices in life ideal.

Almost immediately I took controlling the reapers off of the table. The old adage goes “that power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.” Not only would Shepard be no better than the Reapers who were bent on controlling the “other” and unpredictable, but who could say that Shepard once joined with the Reapers would not himself in time become corrupted with the wealth of power and knowledge that the Reapers possessed.

At first glance Destroying the Reapers was my first choice. After all Shepard has spent his entire career as a Specter combating their destruction of the known galaxy….. but there was a catch. The Crucible would be unable to target just the reapers but would in fact destroy all synthetic life; meaning that the Geth would also be destroyed. In the beginning the Geth were the clear cut enemy working for the Reapers, but by the time Shepard has reached the Crucible things were not so black and white. The Geth themselves are sentient and the Commander had just barely brokered an uneasy peace between the Geth and their creators, the Quarians. He had given them their second chance at life… even if it would ultimately save the galaxy from the reapers… can he take that chance at life [even if time limited] away from them.

The remaining choice is the Synthesis of organic and synthetic life. Since its release there has been a lot of frustration surrounding this option. The Catalyst itself describes it as synthetic life becoming part organic and organic life becoming part synthetic; essentially making them the “same.” Many have felt this makes all life identical, destroying the diversity of the individual and the diversity of the galaxy on a species level. In that everyone thinks the same as one another. The cut-scenes that follow do imply that cooperation and unity does occur shortly after the conclusion, however it does also show the retention of individuality. [Such as Joker’s and EDI’s relationship, and the depression of Shepard’s friends and lover.] However, more importantly I think that synthesis is NOT an destruction of free will and the creation of a unified life, but is in fact the creation of empathy. Organics and synthetics can now actually be truly empathetic to one another. Does that means the Galaxy’s problems will be all resolved and that peace will be always inevitable? NO, No it does not. It does however open the possibility for a peaceful wonderful future.

Not only does this choice allow Shepard to save the organic life of the galaxy, it also allows him to give the Reapers a second chance…. And it does all this by sharing Commander Shepard’s superpower, empathy.

The End:

Conrad2The final decision made, stumbling and bleeding Shepard made his way towards his end. With a burst of energy he leapt into the brilliantly glowing beam of light; as oblivion took him his final thoughts were of friends lost and of the man he loved. He was no more; having sacrificed himself for the future of all.

I cried. Not a lot in the moment but upon reflection… I’ve cried a lot. Commander Shepard was a character I admired, one I respected, one who had survived so much…. One who was partially me.

Selfishly I didn’t want him to die… but he did and he did so not only to save those he cared deeply about, but also those who were his enemies and those he had never even met… it was because of his empathy… and it was this he gave to the future.

The story of Mass Effect [as I played it] is one about the power of understanding; it is a reminder that something as simple as empathy may be all that is needed to solve many of our worlds current problems.

So to you Conrad Shepard… I salute you and you I will miss greatly.

-Almost Someone

[Note to Self: I really need to not get so emotionally attached to fictional characters.]

Three Words and The Reason Number 42

Finally! After much mental exercise [and Floss] I have at long last concluded my series of blog posts on Trophy-Taking!  You may be wondering [or not wondering] what then is in store for the future?  What could possibly outdo, out-compete, and out-triumph Headhunting?

Let me tell you three words.

ROMANIA, NECROPOLIS (?), SKELETONS!

I KNOW! Isn’t that Awesome!  So in the not so distant future on a planet that is not so very far from home [given that Earth is our Home…. well… for most of us anyway] I shall be traveling to Romania to investigate the paleopathology of a skeletal collection associated with the Gepid Culture.

Now I had never heard of the Gepid culture until I got involved in this project but it turns out that the Gepid culture was one of the nomadic [so-called] barbarian cultures that harassed the Romans circa the 3rd-6th Century [or so].  They were at one point allied with Attila.  I mean come on how exciting is that? , An ally of Attila – That is Huge!

So keep posted [Ha Ha- That’s Punny] as I’ll be updating my blog with my adventures abroad in the coming month!

—————————————————————————————————————————-

Now in Other News, I also decided that as my wedding to my fiance [my partner in crime, nerd compatriot, and all around brilliant person] is within a year. It would be fun to post some reasons why I Love her so dearly.

Reason Number 42:  She Speaks Nerd With Me

For example, In a typical evening as we’re heading to bed we end up in a petty argument over who loves who most. Sometimes I cannot help but roll my eyes, because yes, we get terribly sappy with the whole “I love you more; I love you most” jazz. Even worse is it typically devolves into a childish banter of “Nuh UH, UH-HU”

On occasion though, this conversation turns into Nerd:

Me: “Nope, I love you most. My love is a Vector and its Magnitude is greater than yours.”

Fiance: “Well my Love Vector has Greater Directional Precision, so my love wins.”

And Then – She Tickled Me… and I DIED.

So Reason Number 42 for why I love my fiance is that she speaks Nerd [And maybe because she attempts to kill me via tickling now and again].

Until Next Time

-Almost Someone

Trophy Taking: Americas: United States

Thus far in our exploration of Trophy-Taking across the globe we have focused upon the ANTHROPOLOGICAL OTHER. [Essentially the Exotic! The Mysterious! The Unknown! The dare I say it, the not-European Descendents!] But it is time to turn our attention upon ourselves, for like many of Earth’s cultures our culture too has participated in wartime Trophy-Taking. Interestingly [and not surprisingly] the same proximal and ultimate factors that underlie the practice in other cultures are at play.

Trophy-taking has an extremely long history in Europe and there are many accounts recorded in Roman antiquity of its occurrence. However, trophy-taking is not removed in history but is also a contemporary phenomenon. Modern warfare of the western world includes many instances of headhunting. A couple of examples includes the taking of heads in Bosnia by Serbian soldiers and of American Green Berets headhunting during the Vietnam War (Kuipers1997). The focus of our discussion though will be on an examination of American soldiers in the Pacific Theater of WW II.

WW II Soldier With SkullThe headhunting practices of WW II are little discussed in history books but its practice played a substantial part in the campaign against the Japanese. Its practice was so extensive that on the Mariana Islands almost 60% of the Japanese dead had had their heads removed. Even the military command expressed concern over the practices prolific nature and issued statements against headhunting [even if these statements were not enforced] (Harrison 2006).

There are two proximal explanations of note that explain the headhunting behavior. The first is suggested by the soldiers themselves; they explain trophy-taking and other behaviors as being the result of the battlefield conditions. In their words, the war made monsters out of everyone involved on all sides of the battle. The second explanation that has been offered is that headhunting was a component of combat fatigue; however, this explanation has been refuted as the majority of headhunting occurred after the battle by fresh soldiers cleaning up the dead not by those in the actual fight (Harrison 2006).

A more medial explanation is the complex interaction between the United States’ hunting culture and the dehumanization of the Japanese. At the time in the United States the image of the hunter was a strong male identity [to some extent it still is true today]. Even men who were not hunters were familiar with its symbolism of masculine qualities such as self-reliance and hardihood. Now prior to the war the Japanese were viewed by the populous as being subhuman. During the war this perception escalated and transformed into the complete dehumanization of the Japanese into animals (Harrison 2006). This dehumanization in conjunction with the hunteridentity resulted in the Japanese literally being hunted through the Pacific Theater as animals, not human enemies. It went so far that hunting licenses for killing the Japanese were Licenceissued among the soldiers and in the States. Overall these factors created an environment where headhunting would be acceptable.

There are also two ultimate explanations that can be offered to explain the headhunting. The first is economic, in that the skulls were seen as having monetary value. As such soldiers treated the heads as commodities that could be traded for rations within the war complex or even sent home for family members to sell as war momentoes (Harrison 2006). In effect the heads functioned under a similar capacity as they had during the colonial period in Polynesia [ discussed previously] as they supplied the owner with greater economic advantage. The second ultimate explanation ties into reproductive fitness. The soldiers would send heads home as not only a representation of their success in war but also as tangible expressions of their love towards their wives and love interests. They even functioned as a representation of the soldiers national loyalty (Harrison 2006). In effect the there was a perceived gain in reproductive status by acquiring skulls and sending them home.

Housewife W/ Japanese Skull - Featured in Time MagAn interesting point to make is that after the conclusion of the war the trophy heads began to be repatriated to Japan by the very veterans that had originally acquired them (Harrison 2006). This seems to be the direct result of the Japanese being re-humanized thus being equal to the veterans. In this light they were no longer inhuman animals and deserved to be treated as human. Overall this changing attitude reflects how the adaptive strategy of headhunting was no longer adaptive and therefore in some manner was abandoned.

The significance of our exploration into trophy-taking is quite profound. The practice of trophy-taking is indeed a prolific one and it occurs within all manner of societies, from the chiefdoms of Polynesia to the modern nations of the United States. It has been demonstrated that to ignore proximate explanations is to downplay the diversity of trophy-taking while to ignore ultimate explanations is to deny the panhuman nature of trophy-taking. In order to holistically understand the peculiar warfare practice of trophy-taking it is necessary to explore it within the entire SPECTRUM OF CAUSATION.

-Until Next Time

Almost Someone

[NOTE:  ALL cultures discussed within the Trophy Taking Mini Series are discussed within historical contexts and do not reflect the contemporary people affiliated with these cultural groups.]

Works Cited:

Harrison, Simon

2006 Skull Trophies of the Pacific War: Transgressive Objects of Remembrance. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 12: 817-836.

Trophy Taking: Oceania: Maoris of New Zealand

Ignoring the fact that it has been almost [looks at calendar… wow!] two months since the last post the steam on this topic has probably escaped into the universe.  No matter though, I shall persist and finish this topic even if it rips my brains out like a common zombie  [because there are uncommon ones.]

Reinstating the reinstated blog trajectory in 3,2,1

The next stop in Oceania is New Zealand with an analysis of the trophy taking practices of the Maoris [pronounced “may-or-e” at least as far as I understand it.]  The Maoris practiced headhunting within the context of larger engagements with enemy groups. Warriors fought in close combat with the goal of removing the heads of their enemies. Traditionally only the heads of chiefs and notable warriors were preserved and taken back to the home village for display. The preservation process was undertaken by a specialist who accompanied the warriors into battle. An interesting point is that deceased relative’s and ancestor’s  heads were also preserved, however, these were distinguished from the heads taken during warfare by the manner in which their lips were sown.  Enemies had their lips pulled apart while relatives had their lips sown shut (Orchiston 1967).

Similar to the Iban, the Maoris held that the heads reflected the warlike power of the men who returned with them and as such it afforded them a greater status within their community.  However, unlike the Iban, the Maoris also viewed headhunting as a mode of revenge. The headhunting raids functioned as a mode of retribution for wrongs committed by the enemy.  Furthermore, these collected heads also played a significant role in peace negotiations; in that peace could be brokered through the return of the taken heads from earlier battles ( Orchiston 1967). 

At the time of European contact the trophy heads became equated to the economic status of individuals by functioning as a tradable commodity. European explores and colonists would trade valuable goods, including muskets, for the heads. Maoris men would then experience a shift in status with their greater economic wealth. This wealth increase in turn increased the demand for heads which now not only included chiefs and prominent warriors but any finely tattooed enemy whose head could be retrieved. As a result of this economic boom warfare increased as it was a successful adaptation to improved access to resources (Orchiston 1967).

Now it is necessary to break these explanations down into our spectrum of causation. The attribution of social status given to men through the attainment of heads falls into the more proximate level of explanation, in that it is reflective of specific beliefs of the Maoris culture.  The  use of headhunting raids as a means to enact revenge retribution also falls into a proximate level of explanation.  The cycle of revenge retribution is directly associated with the particular historical relationships between the different Maoris populations.   The shift of the heads into an economic commodity due to European contact can be viewed as an ultimate level explanation as it is a direct function of greater economic and by relation subsistence forces.

However, the use of this ultimate explanation uncritically can be problematic. As even though it relates to more structuring pan-human processes, the explanation only explains why headhunting persisted and increased after European contact. It does not explain why the Maoris practiced headhunting in the first place.

That concludes [I believe] our discussion of Oceania and the next post [hopefully not far off] will shift gears to the Americas which will include a discussion of the historic scalping practices of the Plains Native Americans and the headhunting and shrinking practices of the Shuar. As with the Oceania we will continue to investigate these particular forms of trophy taking within the context of the proximate and ultimate explanations.

-Until Next Time

Almost Someone

[NOTE:  ALL cultures discussed within the Trophy Taking Mini Series are discussed within historical contexts and do not reflect the contemporary people affiliated with these cultural groups.]

Works Cited:

Orchiston, D. Wayne

1967    Preserved Human Heads of the New

Zealand Maoris. The Journal of the Polynesian Society 76:3: 297-329.

 

Trophy Taking: Oceania: Iban of Borneo

Iban Hunter Reinstating Blog Trajectory:  Initializing In 3, 2, 1.

Our first stop on this whirlwind tour of Trophy Taking is the very large, the very diverse, and the very ocean surrounded [alas the Name!] region of Oceana.  This region has one of the most detailed ethnographic record [AKA History as recorded by the West] and as such provides an excellent amount of detail in regards to headhunting and the debate surrounding its Causation.

In this post we will limit our discussion [for the sake of post length] to the Iban of Borneo.  But never fear, for in the future we will continue exploring Oceana with the Maoris of New Zealand, and the Indigenous of the Solomon Islands.

The Iban of Borneo practice headhunting within the context of surprise raids on enemy villages.  The raiding party was made up of a massive group of men; even though they existed as a group they functioned as individuals.  Each man out to achieve their personal goal of acquiring an enemy head. The action of the raid typically involved an imbalance of power in favor of the aggressor and as a result could be extremely deadly and often resulted in the abandonment of the attacked village by the inhabitants. The enemy villages chosen for these attacks were always those villages considered to be foreign. So even though the Iban targeted relative villages for raids, those raids never incorporated the use of headhunting.  At the conclusion of the raid the heads were removed and brought home to display to the populous the proof of their victory (Benedict 1976; Vayda 1969).

The Iban themselves provided proximate explanations for their headhunting activity.  The first explanation was that the enemy heads Elderly Iban and Trophiesare desired as the human head is the center of life energy. It was believed that this could be harnessed by the Iban to prevent things such as famine, crop failure, and female infertility.  The heads were necessary to maintain the existence of positive events and prevent the occurrence of negative ones.  The second explanation was that headhunting is considered traditional by the ancestors (Vayda 1969). This concept was reinforced by myths and legends depicting awesome [in the original definition of the word] warriors who practiced headhunting (Davison 1991).

Ultimate explanations for headhunting among the Iban can be derived from the effects of the headhunting practices.  These can be defined as increased status which resulted in economic gain and increased reproductive fitness.  Enemy heads functioned as a marker of an individual’s achievement during the raid.  Individuals then who procured more heads were viewed as more prestigious by the community and in that manner the heads functioned as a vehicle for men to move along the social ladder (Davison 1991: Vayda 1969).  Greater status could be equated to greater power in the community which translates into increased economic status and reproductive fitness.  In other words, more prestigious men have greater access to resources and are therefore more attractive to females (Vayda 1969).

Beyond increases in an individual’s access to resources, the practice of headhunting also functioned to provide greater access to resources at the community level. As mentioned above, the raids often resulted in the abandonment of enemy villages which in turn opened up arable land for Iban colonization, while simultaneously reducing the number of Iban competitors (Vayda 1969).

TrophyAnother interesting point that supports these ultimate explanations for headhunting is in how the practice eventual changed within Iban society. Today headhunting is as can be imagined no longer conducted, but it is still esteemed in memory.  Along with Colonial pressures to end headhunting there seems to be an association between the reduction of headhunting and an increase in both generation cycle and number of women (Austin 1981). Essentially the headhunting strategy was adaptive as it provided opportunities for greater reproductive fitness, however, when men lived longer and there were more women this adaptive strategy was no longer necessary to supply that edge to reproductive fitness and it fell out of practice.

As discussed in the introduction the explanation for the headhunting practice of the Iban of Borneo includes both proximate and ultimate levels of causation and it is with both of these that we gather a clearer picture of this fascinating wartime strategy.

Questions? Comments?  Post them below.  Next week the Maoris of New Zealand.

Until Next Time

-Almost Someone

[NOTE:  ALL cultures discussed within the Trophy Taking Mini Series are discussed within historical contexts and do not reflect the contemporary people affiliated with these cultural groups.]

Works Cited:

Austin, Robert Frederic

1981    Iban Migration: Patterns of Mobility and Employment in the 20th Century. University Microfilms International

Benedict, Sandin

1976    Iban Way of Life: A Translation from Tusun Pandiau. Borneo Literature Bureau, Kuching.

Davison, Julian Sutlive, Vinson H.

1991    The Children of NISING: Images of Headhunting and Male Sexuality in Iban Ritual and Oral Literature. In Female and Male in Borneo: Contributions and Challenges to Gender Studies, edited by Vinson H., 34-36. Williamsburg, VA.

Vayda, Andrew P.

1969    The Study of the Causes of War, with Special Reference to Head-Hunting Raids in Borneo. Ethnohistory 16:3: 211-224.

While Away For Christmas

Merry [Insert Holiday Here] Everybody!

Now I’m deviating from my normal posts today as I have something very important to relay to my very special person while I’m away for the Holiday [I know… its Terrible!]

So my Love [not you readers though you are great!] this is for you!

Until Next Time

-Almost Someone

Introduction to Trophy-Taking Mini Series

Perseus Slaying Medusa

Perseus Slaying Medusa

As interesting as anthropological theory [I mean it is fascinating!] I have decided to forgo posting more theory synthesis [I know, I know…. But there is just so many other topics to talk about!]  Because of the cancelation of theory paper posting I have decided to do a more formal [informal ?  — no midormal] mini-series of posts [like the television ones without film… and music… and actors] on the fascinating topic of trophy-taking!

I know right! What could be more exciting than that?!  So to start we need some definitions.

Trophy taking is defined [according to anthropologists] as the removal of biological trophies from victims of warfare.  It is related to, but not equated with, similar practices conducted upon the dead for veneration purposes found among some cultures.  The defining feature being, these trophies were acquired from enemies during the course of war [It’s intense [Like Camping]].

To provide some perspective, the phenomenon is wide-spread throughout the planet.  It is expansive in both space and time.  AKA it occurs in many cultures and at many different periods throughout human history.  [AKA- KA it occurs EVERYEHWERE!]

Now as can be imagined [or not imagined] trophy-taking comes in many forms. Two of the most prominent types are headhunting and scalping [others being removal of eyes, ears, skin, penises, toes – the list goes on.]  We will be focusing on these two forms for two reasons. First headhunting and scalping have been well documented and discussed in the anthropological literature. Second, and most importantly these two forms of trophy-taking have strong cross-cultural occurrence which makes them ideal for answering the big question. [Your probably wondering what that is — well be patient it’s on the next line!]

The big question for trophy taking is why does it occur? What are the causes of trophy-taking?

The answers lie upon a SPECTRUM OF CAUSATION.  [Announcer Voice Activated]  In One Corner We Have PROXIMATE LEVLES Of CAUSATION!  He Represents Causation Explanations that Reflect the Specific History and Beliefs of a Given Culture.  In the Other Corner We Have ULTIMATE LEVELS OF CAUSATION!  He Represents Causation Explanations that Reflect Cross-Cultural Panhuman Similarities! [End Announcer Voice]

During this exploration of trophy-taking we will look at both ends of this SPECTURM OF CAUSATION in order to gain a more holistic understanding [Because Holism is important—and don’t forget it!] of this fascinating warfare phenomenon.

In the next posts we will explore a number of cultures found within three geographic regions; Oceana [which includes the southern portion of Indochina], the Americas, and Europe [due to the cultural relatedness will include the contemporary United States.]  The cultures to be explored are, the Iban of Borneo, the Maoris of New Zealand, the Indigenous people of the Solomon Islands, Plains Native Americans of North America, Shuar of South America, Early Historic Europeans, and WWII Era United States.

Can’t Wait!

Until Next Time

-Almost Someone

[P.S.  AKA – Also Known As Above the Knee Amputation.] 

Biological Anthropology and the Indoctrination of Race

By the early nineteenth century the foundations of a scientific anthropology had been established.  The field itself was directly influenced by the particular historical events of the time which saw a reaction against the revolutionary spirit and the notion of psychic unity in favor of the more conservative and introspective nationalism that brought with it the biological concept of race (Stocking 1988; Trigger 2006).  This concept became deeply rooted in anthropology and would shade the field’s reasoning well into the twentieth century.

The entrenchment of race into anthropological thought is the result of John Lubbock’s synthesis of evolution and cultural difference.  Unlike the unilinial evolutionists of the previous era, he stated that different cultures were not the result of different rates of cultural evolution, but that they were the direct result of differential evolutionary selection on the people who made the cultures (Trigger 2006). This concept was reminiscent of polygenesis but instead of being rooted in religious thought it was rooted in the natural world. Even more, the concept of biological difference could not only be applied to cultural differences but to class and gender (Stocking 1988; Trigger 2006).  The general and overarching nature of the concept of race made it extremely powerful in deriving knowledge about humanity.

Race gained further momentum in anthropological thought with the conceptualization of genetics by Gregory Mendel.  Genetics showed how evolution and natural selection actually worked within biological systems and it opened the doors on eugenics (Dobzhansky 1973; Galton 1869; Huxley 1942; Marks 2012).  This was the idea that European racial supremacy needed to be preserved by establishing pure lines of racial breeding and even improved upon by the selection of superior European traits (Davenport 1911; Galton 1869; Marks 2012; Stocking 1988). In essence it provided a social necessity for anthropology to study humanity under the context of race.

The concept of race and the derivative eugenics dominated anthropological thought within the nineteenth century.  They shaded anthropological questioning and brought it to its darkest days for they justified the subjugation of women and the lower classes, as well as, the imperial takeover and annihilation of Non-European peoples.   These concepts culminated with the racial science of Nazi German that rocked the foundations of anthropology and the world over.

Works Cited

Davenport, Charles B.

1911       Heredity In Relation To Eugenics.

Dobzhansky, Theodosius

1973.   Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in Light of Evolution.

Galton, Frances

1869       Hereditary Genius.

Huxley, Julian

1942       Evolution: The Modern Synthesis.

Marks, J

2012.   An Alternative Introduction to Biological Anthropology, Oxford Press

Stocking G., ed

1988.   Bones, Bodies, Behavior, Essays on Biological Anthropology: History of Anthropology, Vol 5. University of Wisconsin Press.

Trigger, Bruce G.

2006.   A History of Archaeological Thought. Second ed.  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

 

Until Next Time

-Almost Someone

Goodbye Friend – Bowling For Soup

Finally! I have a chance to write a blog that is not a dense synthesis of anthropological theory. This past week I was able to view a traveling exhibition on Pompeii and the Vesuvius eruption [which was extremely interesting, thought provoking, and impacting] with my Fiancé. However, this blog post will not be about that [I know, Right?]. There will be one about that shortly but as I was preparing to sit down and write all about pyroclastic events and Memento Mori when I heard this song: Goodbye Friend by Bowling for Soup. It made me cry my eyes out and I decided that something needed to be written.

My initial idea for why the song and others of similar nature always create a tearful response [even though I tend to not cry too often] is that I find suicide to be such a tragic event and hearing about someone killing themselves makes me extremely angry. In that I cannot fathom why anyone would possibly want to end their life. For surely there is something in their life worth living for!

That initial thought, though, is a façade [a blatant lie to myself]. For if I’m being honest in my thinking then the more likely reason for songs such as BFS’ to bring out such a strong emotional response is because at one point in my life I was in that very boat. I had contemplated the act [albeit loosely] at one point.

When I was growing up, I was teased mercilessly.  Looking back I almost find the hooligan acts committed against me humorous [such as actually being thrown in a Locker – I mean seriously, who does that!] I can even laugh at them when recalling them… but under all that is still the memories of how much the bulling and the teasing actually hurt; how much it affected my life.

The period with the most intensive teasing had to have been about sixth grade. I had reached my breaking point and could not take the ridicule, the jaunting, and the jeering any longer. I did the logical thing and talked to my teacher about it. Naturally he was furious and ended up calling a school wide assembly to address the issue of bullying.  The results [as you can imagine] were exactly the opposite and the cruelty of those kids just got worse.

I remember the afternoon after a particularly bad day when I was riding silently on the school bus. All the other kids had gotten off [my stop being the last] and I was staring blankly out as the farms and homes passed by.  I contemplated how I could climb up to a towering rock-outcrop on the edge of an abandoned quarry and just end it all. I thought, I could just jump and fly blissfully and pass quickly into darkness… into a place where I was safe and free.

I think it was at that moment that I really understood for the first time that people were actually mortal and that we all would die. The idea that I controlled my own life, my existence, in such a way that I could end it…. Exhilarated me… and frightened me to the very core of my being.  The idea quickly fled my mind as something that was not an option.

But on particularly nasty days it would resurface in my mind when I felt trapped and suffocated with no visible options available to me.  Looking back, in the end the one thing that always held me fast to life, more than the fear of that power over my own life, was that thought of leaving one of my dearest friends to face the bullies on her own and of leaving my family behind.  Without them knowing, they had held onto me, though I dangled over the edge and I used their hand to pull me free.

Summer came not a moment too soon.  In seventh grade the bullying had dropped to the pre-sixth grade levels and by eight grade I had figured out a means to constructively deal with it and ultimately escape it to a freedom where I could finally be happy, be me, with no fear.

 

Um… well that went a bit further than I had intended but to bring it all back. Songs like Goodbye Friend, always bring tears to my eyes because I had personally been to those dark halls. I had someone [just by being there] to hold onto and make it through…. And it breaks my heart when I hear of someone who took their own life because they felt so utterly alone. That they felt [even if they had friends and family to help] that there was no one to pull them out; no one or nothing to live for.

 

I cannot think of a good way of concluding so here is the excellent song Goodbye Friend by Bowling for Soup.

 

Until Next Time

-Almost Someone